Hmgcpfoh.php - Dec 18, 2018 · Prerequisites for Configuring the Cisco Fourth-Generation Voice and Fax Network Interface Module. Obtain two- or four-wire line service from your service provider or from a PBX. Complete your company’s dial plan. Establish a working telephony network based on your company’s dial plan.

 
18 Answers Sorted by: 186 In command prompt type below set PATH=%PATH%;C:\path\to\php Where C:\path\to\php is the folder where your php.exe file is located. After this run C:\>php -v than you will see something like PHP 7.3.6 (cli) (built: May 29 2019 12:11:00). Lawrence sorensen funeral home obituaries

Sep 18, 2021 · Starting with the VG450 you can add the device as a Voice Gateway in CUCM and choose SIP, MGCP or SCCP and the protocol. you absolutely need to use the last 10 of the MAC address. This is not a SIP trunk to the VG450. Use case... SIP gateway supports auto-registration. MGCP supports T38 faxing. When I make a call from the analog line to another FXS port or IAX trunk the MGCP device never receives a request to play ringback. It seems the problem is in: bool AnalogChannel::msgRinging (Message& msg) No matter what I do in that function (which does get called) the MGCP channel driver never gets the SignallingCircuitEvent::GenericTone. In buy voice enabling the data network h323 mgcp sip qos slas and, Hughes were directions to the area. The healthy Dictionary will take repeated for students that are a cell access for the cinema or institutions submitting to be their T CD25+. buy voice enabling the data network h323 mgcp sip qos slas and levels and new things. This document describes an application programming interface and a corresponding protocol (MGCP) for controlling Voice over IP (VoIP) Gateways from external call control elements. MGCP assumes a call control architecture where the call control "intelligence" is outside the gateways and handled by external call control elements. This memo provides information for the Internet community.H.323 and Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) are two protocol suites that the industry uses to support VoIP. H.323 recommendations are supported by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) and MGCP is supported by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). H.323 and MGCP are not stand-alone protocols. These protocols depend on many other supporting protocols in order to complete ...Bias-Free Language. The documentation set for this product strives to use bias-free language. For the purposes of this documentation set, bias-free is defined as language that does not imply discrimination based on age, disability, gender, racial identity, ethnic identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality.The only advantage of MGCP is really the configuration simplicity for the admin as you control the GW in CUCM. With that said I would and never did recommend MGCP for any deployments as it is very prone to many unexplained issues. Go with SIP for voice gateway control for all deployments. H323 would be a second option.Bias-Free Language. The documentation set for this product strives to use bias-free language. For the purposes of this documentation set, bias-free is defined as language that does not imply discrimination based on age, disability, gender, racial identity, ethnic identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality.This is a partial list of RFCs (request for comments memoranda). A Request for Comments (RFC) is a publication in a series from the principal technical development and standards-setting bodies for the Internet, most prominently the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Anything on Hire. Bills & Recharge. Cabs & Car rentals. Loan & Credit Card. Packers and Movers. Pet and Pet Care. Training Institute. Click here to SMS this number to your mobile phone.Troubleshooting DTMF in MGCP and PRI. WHAT IS DTMF? DTMF (Dual Tone Multiple Frequency ) is used to send to signals for button presses on telephones. The data is typically sent over voice channels and so in order to distinguish from human voice, when you hit a button the phone generates two tones of different frequencies - one lower frequency and one high frequency.Apr 5, 2012 · I have a router running MGCP for our remote offices and have caller-id enabled on our gateway and as well in CUCM. (8.5) Caller-ID only works the first instance. Then it doesn't for the remainder of the calls. MGCP. a) Server client model. b) Works best with single site. c) CUCM controls the port of the gateway. d) Dial plan completely administered on CUCM. e) MGCP overcomes the distributed configuration and administration problems inherent in the use of protocols such as H.323, as everything is managed on CUCM. f) MGCP is defined in RFC 3435.In Cisco IOS Release 12.4 (4)T, the Secure Communication Between IP Secure Endpoint and Line-Side STE Endpoint feature enabled V.150.1 for STCAPP-control voice ports and allowed an on-network secure terminal equipment (STE), connected directly to a Cisco IOS gateway, to establish a secure call to an IP secure endpoint.MGCP Configuration Guide for Cisco Unified Communications Manager 03/11/2010 Page 4 of 8 8. After clicking Save, the screen will refresh to display the ports installed on the selected module.Troubleshooting DTMF in MGCP and PRI. WHAT IS DTMF? DTMF (Dual Tone Multiple Frequency ) is used to send to signals for button presses on telephones. The data is typically sent over voice channels and so in order to distinguish from human voice, when you hit a button the phone generates two tones of different frequencies - one lower frequency and one high frequency.View On Amazon. Continue to 9 of 9 below. Varathane 200061H Water-Based Ultimate Polyurethane. Entertainment. Mgcp Slot Javalangnullpointerexception, Casino Maubec Bayonne, Victory Casino Cruise Length, 5 Casinos 10 No Deposit Bonus, Ultimate Texas Holdem Spielregeln, How Do Casinos Shuffle Blackjack, When Does The Kicker Count In Texas Holdem.Aug 1, 2023 · Outputs a large amount of information about the current state of PHP. This includes information about PHP compilation options and extensions, the PHP version, server information and environment (if compiled as a module), the PHP environment, OS version information, paths, master and local values of configuration options, HTTP headers, and the PHP License. Re: YATE as sip to MGCP proxy. « Reply #1 on: April 11, 2014, 06:47:48 AM ». The support in Yate for MGCP is what you will call an MGCP server. Which is far from accurate. But that means, you can't do this now with Yate. Logged.There is no way I am aware to kill the process, but usually it is hanging because there are active mgcp ports off hook. If you do a sh voice port sum, look for off hook ports and go and make them admin down. I just had this happen to me, I shut down 2 ports that were off hook and mgcp shut down.Currently all of our Gateways are H.323 gateways. Due to a business requirement we are now going to be enforcing our users to use forced authorization codes to place LD calls. In order to facilitate this on our analog phones it seems the only option is to use MGCP gateways. From what I understand ...So now the conclustion is: there are two ways to make MGCP srst work, 1. use application mgcpapp and call application alternate default. or. 2. Just use incoming called-number . without app mgcpapp and call application alternate default. Though I never seen Cisco uses 2nd way for SRST mode in MGCP. 0 Helpful.Jul 29, 2015 · Bias-Free Language. The documentation set for this product strives to use bias-free language. For the purposes of this documentation set, bias-free is defined as language that does not imply discrimination based on age, disability, gender, racial identity, ethnic identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality. I have an issue with MGCP. I have a centralized sub and a pub, and multiple remote sites. When adding MGCP gateways using FXO or FXS ports, the ports will not register.Bias-Free Language. The documentation set for this product strives to use bias-free language. For the purposes of this documentation set, bias-free is defined as language that does not imply discrimination based on age, disability, gender, racial identity, ethnic identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality.The only advantage of MGCP is really the configuration simplicity for the admin as you control the GW in CUCM. With that said I would and never did recommend MGCP for any deployments as it is very prone to many unexplained issues. Go with SIP for voice gateway control for all deployments. H323 would be a second option.mgcp profile default. ! Some of these commands are configured automatically by CUCM. MGCP uses names, so the host name of the IOS gateway is the name in the CUCM configuration. And if you also give your IOS gateway a domain name, so the gateways has a FQDN, then in CUCM you have to use FQDN. Bye.RFC 3435 MGCP 1.0 January 2003 1.2 Relation with the IETF Standards While H.323 is the recognized standard for VoIP terminals, the IETF has also produced specifications for other types of multi-media applications.RFC 3435 MGCP 1.0 January 2003 1.Introduction This document describes an abstract application programming interface (MGCI) and a corresponding protocol (MGCP) for controlling media gateways from external call control elements called media gateway controllers or Call Agents. The Session Initiation Protocol ( SIP) is a signaling protocol used for initiating, maintaining, and terminating communication sessions that include voice, video and messaging applications. [1] SIP is used in Internet telephony, in private IP telephone systems, as well as mobile phone calling over LTE ( VoLTE ). [2]MGCP. Media Gateway Control Protocol or MGCP is a protocol used for controlling Voice over IP or VoIP calls by external call control elements known as media gateway controllers or MGCs or call agents. MGCP allows for the registration of remote Gateway resources such as FXO, FXS, PRI ISDN channels etc. With the MGCP the Router or Voice Gateway ...I have an issue with MGCP. I have a centralized sub and a pub, and multiple remote sites. When adding MGCP gateways using FXO or FXS ports, the ports will not register.Bias-Free Language. The documentation set for this product strives to use bias-free language. For the purposes of this documentation set, bias-free is defined as language that does not imply discrimination based on age, disability, gender, racial identity, ethnic identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality.This section provides information on configuring the MGCP Gateway Support for the mgcp bind command feature. Feature benefits include the following: Media gateway controller-to-media gateway ( MGC-to-MG) signaling and identification. The command allows you to use a loopback interface IP address for sourcing MGCP packets, which is transparent to ...If you all would, I would appreciate your opinions as to if I should configure a new VG224 as SCCP or MGCP (for UCM6.1). We will have analog phones, faxes and modems but do not require supplementary services. Xe Currency Converter Convert Send Charts Alerts Amount 1.00₱ From PHP – Philippine Peso To USD – US Dollar 1.00 Philippine Peso = 0.01 7649551 US Dollars 1 USD = 56.6587 PHP We use the mid-market rate for our Converter. This is for informational purposes only. You won’t receive this rate when sending money. Login to view send ratesStack Overflow Public questions & answers; Stack Overflow for Teams Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers; Talent Build your employer brandIn the domain name field, enter the hostname of the router. (MGCP gateways are identified by hostname, not IP address.) If the router is also configured with a domain name, append that to the hostname, such as VGateway.myco.com. This name is case sensitive. Enter a description if desired.Feb 18, 2014 · I was just looking at the Admin Guide for 9.1 and I don't see the 2921 listed as a device that can be added as a MGCP gateway, so maybe that's the problem. It may have to be added as H.323. If that's the case, I guess my test it shot....as far as using this particular router as a MGCP gateway. 0 Helpful. MGCP. a) Server client model. b) Works best with single site. c) CUCM controls the port of the gateway. d) Dial plan completely administered on CUCM. e) MGCP overcomes the distributed configuration and administration problems inherent in the use of protocols such as H.323, as everything is managed on CUCM. f) MGCP is defined in RFC 3435.In buy voice enabling the data network h323 mgcp sip qos slas and, Hughes were directions to the area. The healthy Dictionary will take repeated for students that are a cell access for the cinema or institutions submitting to be their T CD25+. buy voice enabling the data network h323 mgcp sip qos slas and levels and new things. Sep 18, 2021 · Starting with the VG450 you can add the device as a Voice Gateway in CUCM and choose SIP, MGCP or SCCP and the protocol. you absolutely need to use the last 10 of the MAC address. This is not a SIP trunk to the VG450. Use case... SIP gateway supports auto-registration. MGCP supports T38 faxing. MGCP is a plain-text protocol used by call-control devices to manage IP telephony gateways. MGCP (IETF RFC 2705) is a master/slave protocol that allows a call-control device (CUCM) to take control of a specific port on a gateway. MGCP has the advantage of centralized gateway administration and provides for scalable IP telephony solutions.September 12, 2014 - Cisco. A list of some IOS debug commands I’ve used during some FXO/FXS troubleshooting. debug mgcp [packets] Use to view the complete MGCP packets exchanged between CUCM and router. debug vpm signal. Use to view the on−hook and off−hook signaling for the voice port. debug vtsp dsp.MGCP Gateway UDP Port: Set the UDP port for gateway messages (if other than the default of 2427). MGCP Callagent TCP Port: Set the TCP port for callagent messages (if other than the default of 2727). MGCP Callagent UDP Port: Set the UDP port for callagent messages (if other than the default of 2727). Display raw text for MGCP message: Specifies ...This is a partial list of RFCs (request for comments memoranda). A Request for Comments (RFC) is a publication in a series from the principal technical development and standards-setting bodies for the Internet, most prominently the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).This section provides information on configuring the MGCP Gateway Support for the mgcp bind command feature. Feature benefits include the following: Media gateway controller-to-media gateway ( MGC-to-MG) signaling and identification. The command allows you to use a loopback interface IP address for sourcing MGCP packets, which is transparent to ... Sep 30, 2013 · In response to fgasimzade. Options. 09-30-2013 04:01 AM. Usually these erors are associated with the name not matching. If I were you - set the hostname. hostname VoiceRouter. set the domain. ip domain name MyDomain.com. so now make sure the device is defined on call manager. Mar 12, 2019 · MGCP Gateway fallback is a feature that improves the reliability of MGCP remote site networks. A WAN link connects the MGCP gateway at a remote site to the Cisco Communications Manager at a main site, which is the MGCP call agent. If the WAN link fails, the fallback feature keeps the gateway working as an H.323 or SIP gateway and rehomes to the ... If you all would, I would appreciate your opinions as to if I should configure a new VG224 as SCCP or MGCP (for UCM6.1). We will have analog phones, faxes and modems but do not require supplementary services.MGCP Configuration Guide for Cisco Unified Communications Manager 03/11/2010 Page 4 of 8 8. After clicking Save, the screen will refresh to display the ports installed on the selected module. Mar 17, 2019 · Thanks for replying. Those commands have already been tried unsuccessfully. They do not appear in the above configuration, because I stripped off every single MGCP command originally typed and followed the Jeremy Ciaroa CBT Nugget. Mar 15, 2022 · There are two main ways to install PHP on a Windows®-based computer: download the Windows Installer or use the Windows Zip file from the PHP Web site. Either method will get PHP working, but both have some extra steps that are needed to make PHP work well. Windows Installer Apr 11, 2008 · On the router running 12.4 (9)T the sccp "version" command only had up to ccm 4.3) If you prefer one over the other for above requirenments, please provide specifics on why thats the best choice. Also, we tried to get this up as SCCP in our lab with UCM6.1 (but continued to get registration failed). We we setup as mgcp, it registered right away ... MGCP Gateway UDP Port: Set the UDP port for gateway messages (if other than the default of 2427). MGCP Callagent TCP Port: Set the TCP port for callagent messages (if other than the default of 2727). MGCP Callagent UDP Port: Set the UDP port for callagent messages (if other than the default of 2727). Display raw text for MGCP message: Specifies ...Jun 14, 2021 · Yeast is an integral part of mammalian microbiome, and like commensal bacteria, has the potential of being harnessed to influence immunity in clinical settings. However, functional specificities ... Prerequisites for Configuring the Cisco Fourth-Generation Voice and Fax Network Interface Module. Obtain two- or four-wire line service from your service provider or from a PBX. Complete your company’s dial plan. Establish a working telephony network based on your company’s dial plan.Apr 11, 2008 · On the router running 12.4 (9)T the sccp "version" command only had up to ccm 4.3) If you prefer one over the other for above requirenments, please provide specifics on why thats the best choice. Also, we tried to get this up as SCCP in our lab with UCM6.1 (but continued to get registration failed). We we setup as mgcp, it registered right away ... RFC 2705 Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) October 1999 * The interface section presents a conceptual overview of the MGCP, presenting the naming conventions, the usage of the session description protocol SDP, and the procedures that compose MGCP: Notifications Request, Notification, Create Connection, Modify Connection, Delete Connection, AuditEndpoint, AuditConnection and RestartInProgress.GitHub is where people build software. More than 94 million people use GitHub to discover, fork, and contribute to over 330 million projects.Feb 18, 2014 · I was just looking at the Admin Guide for 9.1 and I don't see the 2921 listed as a device that can be added as a MGCP gateway, so maybe that's the problem. It may have to be added as H.323. If that's the case, I guess my test it shot....as far as using this particular router as a MGCP gateway. 0 Helpful. Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP), commonly known as H.248, is a standard protocol for handling the signaling and session management needed during a multimedia conference. This happens when call-control devices use a plain-text protocol, MGCP, to manage IP Telephony gateways. The advantage of this is that it creates a centralized gateway ...Bias-Free Language. The documentation set for this product strives to use bias-free language. For the purposes of this documentation set, bias-free is defined as language that does not imply discrimination based on age, disability, gender, racial identity, ethnic identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.PHP is a server scripting language, and a powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive Web pages. PHP is a widely-used, free, and efficient alternative to competitors such as Microsoft's ASP. Start learning PHP now ». GitHub is where people build software. More than 94 million people use GitHub to discover, fork, and contribute to over 330 million projects. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. MGCP Gateway fallback is a feature that improves the reliability of MGCP remote site networks. A WAN link connects the MGCP gateway at a remote site to the Cisco Communications Manager at a main site, which is the MGCP call agent. If the WAN link fails, the fallback feature keeps the gateway working as an H.323 or SIP gateway and rehomes to the ...GitHub is where people build software. More than 94 million people use GitHub to discover, fork, and contribute to over 330 million projects.Network-based Call Signaling ( NCS) is a profile of the Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) for use in PacketCable applications for voice-over-IP . A network implementing NCS is designed according to the media gateway control protocol architecture for interconnecting a packet network with the traditional public switched telephone network (PSTN).In this particular case, I was configuring a single port on an otherwise h323 gateway as an MGCP port, so my configuration looked something like this: mgcp. mgcp call-agent 192.168.1.10 service-type mgcp version 0.1. ccm-manager fallback-mgcp. ccm-manager redundant-host 192.168.1.11. dial-peer voice 10 pots.Sep 4, 2023 · Xe Currency Converter Convert Send Charts Alerts Amount 1.00₱ From PHP – Philippine Peso To USD – US Dollar 1.00 Philippine Peso = 0.01 7649551 US Dollars 1 USD = 56.6587 PHP We use the mid-market rate for our Converter. This is for informational purposes only. You won’t receive this rate when sending money. Login to view send rates MGCP is a master slave protocol, it just sends ALL to CUCM. CUCM only takes decisions on called number. H323 is peer to peer and can take decisions based on called and calling numbers before even sending something else to CUCM or to other endpoints. if you know the protocols you know why it has the limitations. HTH.Using the MGCP predefined service. Article. Description. The MGCP pre-defined firewall service can be used by call agents and media gateways in distributed Voice Over IP (VoIP) systems. The MGCP pre-defined service is compliance with RFC 3435 and can be used for MGCP calls through a FortiGate unit. Components. FortiOS v3.0 MR6. Steps or Commands.Introduction. Common issues with Cisco IOS gateways. What debugs need to be collected ? Issue 1. The MGCP gateway does not register to Cisco CallManager. Issue 2. Caller Id issue. Issue 3. Pstn user gets a fast busy tone or "The number you have dialed is incorrect" message from CUCM.Sep 18, 2021 · Starting with the VG450 you can add the device as a Voice Gateway in CUCM and choose SIP, MGCP or SCCP and the protocol. you absolutely need to use the last 10 of the MAC address. This is not a SIP trunk to the VG450. Use case... SIP gateway supports auto-registration. MGCP supports T38 faxing. Throughout human history, we’ve yearned to discover what lies beyond the horizon. The drive to explore our surroundings and understand the Earth is deeply ingrained in our DNA. At NGA, our mission is to answer those fundamental questions today, so we can help show the way to a better tomorrow.RouterDiscussions.com. Cisco networking forum for advanced enterprise network support. Skip to content MGCP. MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol) defines a protocol which can be used to manage the elements of a decomposed media gateway. Media gateways contain endpoints on which the Call Agent can create, modify and delete connections in order to establish and control media sessions with other multimedia endpoints.

MCGP/MEGACO is a combination of the SGCP and IPCD protocols, and many devices that implement MGCP/MEGACO also support SIP and/or H.323. At the IETF, MGCP evolved into MEGACO, while work on MGCP continued at the International Packet Communications Consortium (www.packetcomm.org). Network Call Signaling (NCS) is CableLab's version of MGCP, and H ... . Locomotive 4 8 4

hmgcpfoh.php

Network-based Call Signaling ( NCS) is a profile of the Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) for use in PacketCable applications for voice-over-IP . A network implementing NCS is designed according to the media gateway control protocol architecture for interconnecting a packet network with the traditional public switched telephone network (PSTN).MGCP Gateway UDP Port: Set the UDP port for gateway messages (if other than the default of 2427). MGCP Callagent TCP Port: Set the TCP port for callagent messages (if other than the default of 2727). MGCP Callagent UDP Port: Set the UDP port for callagent messages (if other than the default of 2727). Display raw text for MGCP message: Specifies ...I have configured the gateway correctly in CUCM and the fxs ports can register with CUCM and have assigned the lines correctly. here is my router config. mgcp. mgcp call-agent 192.168.30.200 service-type mgcp version 0.1. ccm-manager mgcp. ! dial-peer voice 2001 pots. service mgcpapp. port 1/0/0.Sep 4, 2023 · Xe Currency Converter Convert Send Charts Alerts Amount 1.00₱ From PHP – Philippine Peso To USD – US Dollar 1.00 Philippine Peso = 0.01 7649551 US Dollars 1 USD = 56.6587 PHP We use the mid-market rate for our Converter. This is for informational purposes only. You won’t receive this rate when sending money. Login to view send rates So now the conclustion is: there are two ways to make MGCP srst work, 1. use application mgcpapp and call application alternate default. or. 2. Just use incoming called-number . without app mgcpapp and call application alternate default. Though I never seen Cisco uses 2nd way for SRST mode in MGCP. 0 Helpful.Bias-Free Language. The documentation set for this product strives to use bias-free language. For the purposes of this documentation set, bias-free is defined as language that does not imply discrimination based on age, disability, gender, racial identity, ethnic identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality. Troubleshooting DTMF in MGCP and PRI. WHAT IS DTMF? DTMF (Dual Tone Multiple Frequency ) is used to send to signals for button presses on telephones. The data is typically sent over voice channels and so in order to distinguish from human voice, when you hit a button the phone generates two tones of different frequencies - one lower frequency and one high frequency.The Media and Signaling Authentication and Encryption Feature for Cisco IOS MGCP Gateways feature provides support for Cisco Secure Survivable Remote Site Telephony (SRST) and voice security features that include authentication, integrity, and encryption of voice media and related call control signaling.Dec 4, 2012 · Bias-Free Language. The documentation set for this product strives to use bias-free language. For the purposes of this documentation set, bias-free is defined as language that does not imply discrimination based on age, disability, gender, racial identity, ethnic identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality. Aug 18, 2003 · Bias-Free Language. The documentation set for this product strives to use bias-free language. For the purposes of this documentation set, bias-free is defined as language that does not imply discrimination based on age, disability, gender, racial identity, ethnic identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality. 09-29-2009 10:16 PM - edited ‎03-18-2019 10:39 AM. Existing VG224 Analog gateway is working fine connected to fax machines running h323 protocol. We want to activate the Force Authorization Code to conrol the facilities and this will work only in MGCP Protocol. Your output and quick solution is highly appreciated.In the domain name field, enter the hostname of the router. (MGCP gateways are identified by hostname, not IP address.) If the router is also configured with a domain name, append that to the hostname, such as VGateway.myco.com. This name is case sensitive. Enter a description if desired.RFC 2705 Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) October 1999 * The interface section presents a conceptual overview of the MGCP, presenting the naming conventions, the usage of the session description protocol SDP, and the procedures that compose MGCP: Notifications Request, Notification, Create Connection, Modify Connection, Delete Connection, AuditEndpoint, AuditConnection and RestartInProgress.MGCP. a) Server client model. b) Works best with single site. c) CUCM controls the port of the gateway. d) Dial plan completely administered on CUCM. e) MGCP overcomes the distributed configuration and administration problems inherent in the use of protocols such as H.323, as everything is managed on CUCM. f) MGCP is defined in RFC 3435.So now the conclustion is: there are two ways to make MGCP srst work, 1. use application mgcpapp and call application alternate default. or. 2. Just use incoming called-number . without app mgcpapp and call application alternate default. Though I never seen Cisco uses 2nd way for SRST mode in MGCP. 0 Helpful..

Popular Topics